Understanding How Birth Control Works
By Dr. Marika Raff, Board-Certified Fertility Specialist
Birth control methods are designed to prevent pregnancy in a variety of ways. Some stop ovulation, others create barriers to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, and some alter the uterine environment to prevent implantation. These methods are highly effective in preventing pregnancy when used correctly, but they do not all have the same impact on your body after you stop using them.
It’s reassuring to know that, for most people, fertility resumes relatively quickly once birth control is discontinued. However, the timeline can vary depending on the type of contraception used and other individual factors.
Hormonal Birth Control: Pills, Patches, Rings, and Injections
Combination Pills, Patches, and Rings
These forms of hormonal contraception use synthetic estrogen and progestin to stop ovulation and thin the uterine lining. Fertility often resumes within a few weeks of stopping. Most individuals conceive within a few months of discontinuation.
Progestin-Only Pills ("Mini Pills")
Progestin-only pills suppress ovulation, and fertility generally returns quickly after stopping, with ovulation resuming within a month for many individuals.
Depo-Provera Injection
Depo-Provera is a long-acting contraceptive that can delay ovulation for up to 12 months after the last injection.
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): Hormonal and Non-Hormonal
Hormonal IUDs (e.g., Mirena, Kyleena)
Hormonal IUDs release progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and sometimes suppresses ovulation. Fertility usually returns quickly after removal.
Copper IUD (e.g., Paragard)
The copper IUD is non-hormonal and prevents pregnancy by creating a toxic environment for sperm. Fertility typically resumes immediately after removal.
Barrier Methods: Condoms, Diaphragms, and Spermicides
Barrier methods do not involve hormones and have no lasting impact on fertility. Once you stop using them, you can try to conceive right away.
Permanent Birth Control: Tubal Ligation
Tubal ligation is a permanent method of birth control and is not intended to be reversed. Surgical reversals have varied success rates and often require assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.
Emergency Contraception
Emergency contraception, such as Plan B, does not have long-term effects on fertility. While it may temporarily disrupt your cycle, it does not cause lasting changes.
Other Factors to Consider
While the type of birth control you’ve used is important, factors like age, underlying health conditions, and lifestyle also play a role in fertility. For example, conditions like PCOS may require treatment when trying to conceive.
When to Seek Help
If you’ve stopped birth control and haven’t conceived after 6-12 months (or sooner, if you’re over 35), consult a fertility specialist. From fertility testing to advanced treatments, expert guidance can help you navigate your journey.
